Time to diagnosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: Associated factors and its impact on damage accrual and mortality. Data from a multi-ethnic, multinational Latin American lupus cohort.

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often mimics symptoms of other diseases, and the interval between symptom onset and diagnosis may be long in some of these patients. Aims: To describe the characteristics associated with the time to SLE diagnosis and its impact on damage accrual and mortality in patients with SLE from a Latin American inception cohort. METHODS: Patients were from a multi-ethnic, multi-national Latin-American SLE inception cohort. All participating centers had specialized lupus clinics. Socio-demographic, clinical/laboratory, disease activity, damage, and mortality between those with a longer and a shorter time to diagnosis were compared using descriptive statistical tests. Multivariable Cox regression models with damage accrual and mortality as the end points were performed, adjusting for age at SLE diagnosis, gender, ethnicity, level of education, and highest dose of prednisone for damage accrual, plus highest dose of prednisone, baseline SLEDAI, and baseline SDI for mortality. RESULTS: Of the 1437 included in these analyses, the median time to diagnosis was 6.0 months (Q1-Q3 2.4-16.2); in 721 (50.2%) the time to diagnosis was longer than 6 months. Patients whose diagnosis took longer than 6 months were more frequently female, older at diagnosis, of Mestizo ethnicity, not having medical insurance, and having "non-classic" SLE symptoms. Longer time to diagnosis had no impact on either damage accrual (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.93-1.28, p = 0.300) or mortality (HR 1.37, 95% CI 0.88-2.12, p = 0.200). CONCLUSIONS: In this inception cohort, a maximum time of 24 months with a median of 6 months to SLE diagnosis had no apparent negative impact on disease outcomes (damage accrual and mortality).

A 12-month follow-up study of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus after immunization against SARS-CoV-2.

OBJECTIVE: To identify all post-BNT162b2 vaccination (BioNTech and Pfizer) events during the ensuing 12 months in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) from the Immuno-Rheumatology Department at Cayetano Heredia Hospital's cohort, Lima, Perú. METHODS: A 12-month follow-up study was conducted from the first dose of immunization with the BNT162b2 vaccine, which was given between May and June 2021, to SLE patients from this cohort. RESULTS: The initial population was constituted by 100 patients (100 patients received the 1st dose, 90 the 2nd dose, and 85 the 3rd dose of this vaccine); 33 patients presented a SLE reactivation (flare), 9% (9/100) post 1st dose, 26.6% (24/90) post 2nd dose, and 16.4% (14/85) post 3rd dose. The most common types of flare were articular (26) and renal (14) with 5/33 (15.1%) requiring hospitalization for flare management. A negative association with flare occurrence was found between the use of hydroxychloroquine RR 0.43 (0.21-0.85) and the opposite was the case for azathioprine RR 2.70 (1.39-5.25). During follow-up, 26 patients developed SARS-CoV-2 infection of whom three required hospitalization, one of whom died. CONCLUSIONS: 33 of 100 SLE patients immunized with BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, presented SLE flares (47 episodes in total); 5 of these patients required in-hospital management and all fully recovered; 26 patients had SARS-CoV-2 infection; three required hospitalization, one died.

Side effects and flares risk after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

The objective of this study is to identify post SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 (BioNTech & Pfizer) side effects in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at the Cayetano Heredia Hospital, Lima, Peru. A descriptive observational study was designed in patients with SLE at the Immuno-Rheumatology Department of the Cayetano Heredia Hospital, Lima, Peru, immunized with the BNT162b2 vaccine from May 21 to June 30, 2021. Of the total number of patients seen in the service, 100 received the vaccine's 1st dose, and 90 patients received the 2nd dose; 90% and 92.2% presented symptoms within 10 days after immunization (1st and 2nd doses, respectively), being pain at the inoculation site the most frequent (87%); most of the symptoms presented were of mild intensity. There were 27 episodes of post-immunization flare, 9% and 20% after the 1st and 2nd doses, respectively; the predominant type of flare was articular (85.1%), followed by dermal (18.5%). It was found that a history of renal involvement was associated with the risk of developing flare RR 0.38 (0.15-0.91) and the use of hydroxychloroquine and azathioprine prior to immunization 0.20 (0.06-0.63) and 7.96 (2.70-23.43) respectively. In 100 SLE patients immunized with BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, 27% of SLE reactivation episodes occurred, two patients were hospitalized for flare severity, and none died. Key Points • Up to 92.2% presented some type of symptom after vaccination, being mostly local and of mild intensity. • Of the population studied, there were 27 episodes of post-vaccination flare, most of which were mild. • In the studied population, taking hydroxychloroquine and having a history of renal disease were associated with a lower risk of presenting post-vaccination flare.

Rupus y hepatitis autoinmune: una asociación infrecuente / Rhupus and autoimmune hepatitis: a rare association

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[Dermatomiositis and evans syndrome associated with HTLV-1 infection]. / Dermatomiositis y síndrome de evans asociado a infección por HTLV-1.

A 55-year-old female patient, born in Ayacucho, with a history of dermatomyositis for 3 years, who received irregular treatment with prednisone. Two months prior to admission, she presented with autoinmune hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The patient received methylprednisolone pulse therapy and packed red blood cells transfusions. Upon admission, she was drowsy, with a poor overall status, marked weight loss, dehydration, with presence of livedo reticularis in her lower extremities, and onychodystrophy and onycholysis on the toes of both feet. Western blot test was positive for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The patient evolved with recurrent hypoglycemia. Therefore, we report a case of dermatomyositis and Evans syndrome in the context of an HTLV-1 infection.

Dermatomiositis y síndrome de Evans asociado a infección por HTLV-1 / Dermatomiositis and Evans syndrome associated with HTLV-1 infection

Paciente mujer de 55 años de edad, natural de Ayacucho, con antecedente de dermatomiositis desde hace 3 años, recibió tratamiento irregular con prednisona. Dos meses antes del ingreso presenta anemia hemolítica autoinmune y púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática, recibió pulsos de metilprednisolona y transfusión de paquetes globulares. Al ingreso, soporosa, mal estado general, marcada pérdida ponderal, deshidratada, livedo reticularis en miembros inferiores, onicodistrofia y onicolisis múltiple en los dedos de ambos pies. Western Blot positivo para HTLV-1. Evoluciona con hipoglicemia recurrente. Reportamos un caso de dermatomiositis y síndrome de Evans presentados en el contexto de una infección por virus linfotrópico humano tipo 1...

A 55-year-old female patient, born in Ayacucho, with a history of dermatomyositis for 3 years, who received irregular treatment with prednisone. Two months prior to admission, she presented with autoinmune hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The patient received methylprednisolone pulse therapy and packed red blood cells transfusions. Upon admission, she was drowsy, with a poor overall status, marked weight loss, dehydration, with presence of livedo reticularis in her lower extremities, and onychodystrophy and onycholysis on the toes of both feet. Western blot test was positive for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The patient evolved with recurrent hypoglycemia. Therefore, we report a case of dermatomyositis and Evans syndrome in the context of an HTLV-1 infection...

Pénfigo foliáceo endémico / Endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem)

El pénfigo foliáceo endémico (P F E) o fuego salvaje es una dermatosis ampollar auto inmune presente en áreas de la Amazonia peruana. Se caracteriza por vesículas intraepidérmicas acantolíticas, localizadas en la región subcorneal y en cuya etiología participan anticuerpos contra desmogleína 1, una glicoproteína encargada de la unión intercelular de las células epidérmicas. Se presenta el caso de en una mujer de 52 años con PFE grave, de evolución fulminante y desenlace fatal por sepsis...

The endemic pemphigus foliaceus (EPF) or fogo selvagem is an autoimmune bullous dermatosis located in areas of our Amazon jungle .It is characterized by intraepidermic acantholytic vesicles in the subcorneal region and its etiology involves the presence of antibodies to desmoglein 1, a glycoprotein responsible for the intercellular junctions of the epidermal cells. We present the case of a 52-year-old woman with severe PFE with fulminant evolution and fatal outcome due to sepsis...

Acción analgésica y neurofarmacológica de las fracciones soluble y no soluble del extracto etanólico de la semilla de Jatropha curcas L. / Analgesic and neuropharmacological activities of soluble and not soluble fractions of the ehtanolic extract from Jatropha curcas L. seeds

Introducción. Estudios preclínicos evidencian efectos dosis dependiente sobre la analgesia e inflamación y neurotoxicidad de las hojas, corteza y raíz de J. curcas L. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar la actividad analgésica y neurofarmacológica de las fracciones de la semilla de J. curcas L. Métodos. Estudio experimental, preclínico y prospectivo. Se distribuyeron 48 ratones en seis grupos control: ácido acético, diclofenaco, tramadol, agua destilada, diazepam y cafeína. Cuatro grupos experimentales: fracción soluble a 500 mg/kg y fracción no soluble a 250, 500 y 750 mg/kg; se evaluó los efectos sobre la algesia, por medio de la prueba de contorsiones abdominales por ácido acético a 1,5 %, y las manifestaciones neurológicas, mediante la prueba de Irwin. Se realizaron pruebas para el análisis de las variables cuantitativas y para las variables cualitativas. Resultados. La inhibición de las contorsiones fue 62,27 %, 56,86 %, 44,12 % y 42,06 % para los grupos 5, 2, 4 y 3, respectivamente. Las manifestaciones neurológicas de los grupos experimentales mostraron presencia y significancia de las variables excitación, sacudidas de cabeza, rascarse, incoordinación motora, cola de Straub, piloerección y estereotipias. Las variables estereotipias y rascado se presentaron en las dos fracciones. Conclusión. La fracción soluble y la no soluble del extracto etanólico de J. curcas L. presentaron efecto analgésico y efectos tóxicos a nivel del sistema nervioso central.

Introduction. Preclinical studies show the dose dependent effects on the analgesia, inflammation and neurotoxicity of the leaves, bark and root. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the analgesic and neuropharmacological activity of the fractions of the seed J. curcas L. Methods. Experimental study, preclinical and prospective. 48 rats were distributed in 6 control groups: acetic acid, diclofenac, tramadol, distilled water, diazepam, caffeine. Four experimental groups: 500 mg/kg of soluble fraction and 250, 500 y 750 mg/kg of insoluble fraction; the effects on the algesia were evaluated using an exam of abdominal contortions with acetic acid on 1,5%; the neurological manifestations were measured with the Irwin test. To analyze the quantitative and qualitative variables exams were used. Results. The inhibition of the contortions were 62,27 %, 56,86 %, 44,12 % y 42,06 % for the groups 5, 2, 4 y 3, respectively. The neurological manifestations of the experimental groups showed the presence and significance of the variables: excitation, head twitches, scratching, motor incoordination, Straub tail, piloerection and stereotypies. The variables stereotypes and scratching presented themselves in the two fractions. Conclusion. The soluble and insoluble fraction of the ethanoic extract of J. Curcas L. presented analgesic and toxic effects on the central nervous system.

Mecanismos de interacción entre el extracto etanólico de Jatropha curcas L. y metoclopramida en el sistema gastrointestinal / The mechanisms of interaction between the ethanol extract of Jatrohpa curcas L. and metoclopramide on gastrointestinal system

Objetivo: Determinar los mecanismos de interacción entre el extracto etanólico de Jatrohpa curcas L. y la metoclopramida sobre el sistema gastrointestinal. Material y Métodos: Se usó 30 ratones albinos machos, en5 grupos; los que recibieron por vía oral: Grupo 1: Jatropha curcas L. 800 mg/Kg, y 0, 5mg/Kg de metoclopramida. Grupo 2: 0.5 mg/mL de metoclopramida. Grupo 3: 1.5 mg/Kg de Atropina. Grupo 4: 800 mg/kg de Jatropha curcas L. Grupo 5: no recibió medicamento. A todos, se les administró por vía oral: carbón activado al 5% 0,1 mL/10g, como marcador intestinal. Se empleó el Método Arboset al, para evaluar la motilidad intestinal. La validación estadística del recorrido intestinal se realizó aplicando las pruebas de Kolmogorov Smirnov, ANOVA de 1 cola, Tukey y Newman-Keuls. Resultados: Se observó un el porcentaje de recorrido del carbón de 36.46% del grupo 1 frente a 65,45%, 3,66% y 58,87% de los grupos 2, 3 y 4, respectivamente; y de 58,87% del grupo 4 frente a 20,94% del grupo 5. Conclusiones: Se evidenció el antagonismo entre el extracto etanólico de la semilla de Jatropha curcas L. con la metoclopramida, el cual se explicaría por la interacción entre el sistema colinérgico, adrenérgico, GABAérgico y de neuropéptidos sobre la glándula suprarrenal, sistema nervioso central y gastrointestinal.

Objective: Determinate the mechanisms of interaction between the ethanol extract of Jatrohpacurcas L. and metoclopramide on gastrointestinal system. Material and Methods: 30 male albino mice were used, forming 5 groups and received oral medications as follows: Group 1: Jatropha curcas L. 800 mg / kg, and 0.5 mg/Kg of metoclopramide. Group 2: 0.5 mg/mL of metoclopramide. Group 3: 1.5 mg/Kg of atropine. Group 4: 800 mg/Kg of Jatropha curcas L. Group 5 received no medication. All groups receivedoral activated charcoal 0.1 mL/10g as intestinal marker. The Arbos et al method was used to evaluate intestinal motility. The statistical validation of the intestine dynamics was performed using the Kolmogorov Smirnov, 1-tailed ANOVA, Tukey and Newman-Keuls. Results: the percentage of charcoal runs in the 1rst group was 36.46% compared to 65.45%, 3.66 % and 58.87% for the 2nd, 3th and 4th groups, respectively. In the 4th group was 58,87% compared to 20.94% in the 5th group. Conclusions: the antagonism between the ethanol extract of the seeds of J.curcas L. with metoclopramide, which is probably would explain by the interaction between the cholinergic system, adrenergic system, GABAergic system and neuropeptides on the adrenal gland, central nervous system and gastrointestinal system.

Dosis-respuesta sobre la motilidad intestinal y el sistema nervioso de la interacción entre Jatropha curcas L. y metoclopramide / Intestinal motility andnervous system effects dose-response curvefor the interaction between Jotropha curcas L. and metoclopramide

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto dosis-respuesta sobre la motilidad intestinal y el sistema nervioso, de la interacción entre el extracto etanólico de las semilla de J. curcas L. y metoclopramida. Métodos: Se utilizaron 90 ratones albinos,formando 10 grupos de interacción que recibieron por vía oral (VO), en dosis establecida metoclopramida 0,5 mg/kg y en dosis escalonada extracto etanólico de la semilla de J. curcas L. (100 a 1000 mg/kg). Otros 5 grupos recibieron por VO, 0,5 mg/kg de metoclopramida; 1,5mg/kg de atropina; 800mg/kg de J. curcas L., 0,1ml/10g de agua destilada y el último grupo no recibió medicamento. A todos los grupos, se les administró vía oral carbón activado al 5 %, 0,1ml/10 g, como marcador intestinal. Se empleó el Método de Arbos et al, para evaluar la motilidad intestinal y la prueba de Irwin para el sistema nervioso. La validación estadística del recorrido intestinal se realizó aplicando las pruebas de Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA de 1 cola, Tukey, Newman-Keuls, Kruskal-Wallis y correlación de Pearson. Para la prueba de Irwin se aplicó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado corregido de Yate y el estadístico exacto de Fisher. Resultados: Se observó un porcentaje de recorrido del carbón de 56,8%, 34,54%, 31,85% y 24,57%, en los grupos de interacción 2, 7, 8, 9 y 10 respectivamente, frente a 56,3% (metoclopramida) y 27,66% (control). El Test de Irwin denotó piloerección, sedación, aumento de la respiración y letalidad. Conclusiones: Se comprobó el antagonismo entre el extracto etanólico de la semilla de J. curcas L. con la metoclopramida, y la ocurrencia de manifestaciones en el sistema nervioso.

Objectives: Determinate the dose-response relationship with respect to intestinal motility and the nervous system, of the interaction between the ethanol extract of the J. curcas L. seed and metoclopramide Methods: 90 albino mice were used, which were divided into 10 interaction groups that received 0.5 mg Kg oral (PO) metoclopramide as a fixed dose, and they also received progressively increased doses (100 to 1000 mg/Kg) of an ethanol extract of J. curcas L. seeds. Five additional groups received 0.5 mg metoclopramide PO, 1.5 mg/Kg atropine, 800 mg/Kg J. curcas L., and 0.1 ml/10g distilled water. All groups received oral 5% activated charcoal, 0.1 ml/10g as an intestinal marker. We used the technique described by Arbos et al. for assessing intestinal motility and Irwin's test for assessing the nervous system. The statistical validation of intestine dynamics was performed using Shapiro-Wilk, 1-tailed ANOVA, Tukey, Newman-Keuls, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson correlation tests. We used the Chi-square method with Yates correction and Fisher's exact method when performing Irwin's test. Results: The percentages of charcoal runs in the 2nd, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th interaction groups were 56.8%, 34.54%, 31.85 and 24.57%, compared to 56.3% (metoclopramide) and 27.66% (control). The Irwin test showed these neurological effects: piloerection, sedation, increased respiratory rate and lethality. Conclusions: We proved there is antagonism between the ethanol extract of J. curcas L. seeds and metoclopramide. We also found the concomitant occurrence of neurotoxic effects.